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Online Supplement red saxony Election Battles and
the Spectre of Democracy in Germany, 1860–1918 James Retallack |
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Red
Saxony seeks
to illuminate the reciprocal relationship between political modernization and
authoritarianism in Germany over the span of six decades. Using a regional lens
to rethink older assumptions about Germany's changing political culture, the
book focuses on contemporary Germans' perceptions of electoral fairness. It
devotes special attention to semi-democratic voting systems whereby a general
and equal suffrage (for the Reichstag) was combined with limited and unequal
ones for local and regional parliaments. Red Saxony illustrates how
Germans grew to fear the spectre of democracy. Certainly twists and turns lay
ahead, yet that fear made it easier for Hitler and the Nazis to win elections
in the 1920s and to entomb German democracy in 1933. (A revised German
translation is in preparation.)
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This Online
Supplement provides readers of Red Saxony with maps, tables, charts, and
illustrations that could not be included in the book's print edition due to
their large format or use of colour. These items are complementary to the
book: their historical context and significance are explained there. Materials have been grouped together under the same
chapter titles found in the book, with dates added in parenthesis for
guidance. Where only abbreviated titles of sources have been given, full
references can be found in the Online
Bibliography. From time to time, relevant items may be added to
the Bibliography and explanatory notes added to individual documents. The
titles of all figures, maps, and illustrations here begin with an
"S" ("for Online Supplement) followed by a number
corresponding to the relevant chapter. |
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This site is maintained on the server of the Information
& Instructional Technology group (FAS IIT) in the Faculty
of Arts and Sciences at the University
of Toronto. Published online: April 2017. Always under revision. Copyright © 2017, 2022 James Retallack. Some rights
reserved.
Except where otherwise noted, content on this Open Access site, Online Supplement to Red Saxony: Election Battles and the Spectre of Democracy in Germany, 1860–1918 by James Retallack, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The written permission of James Retallack must be obtained for commercial re-use. |
Contents
Figures,
Maps, Illustrations
Chapter 1
On the Threshold of a New Age (1860–1866)
Chapter 2 The
Possibilities of Liberal Reform
(1866–1874)
Chapter 3
Enemies of the Reich (1870–1877)
Chapter 4
The Struggle Against Revolution (1878–1890)
Chapter 5
Against Liberalism and the Jews (1871–1890)
Chapter 6 Authoritarianism
Under Siege (1890–1894)
Chapter 7
Suffrage Reform as Coup d’état (1894–1902)
Chapter 8 “Red
Saxony!” (1903–1904)
Chapter 9
Deflecting Democracy (1903–1909)
Chapter 10 Crisis and
Retrenchment (1905–1908)
Chapter 11 Dance
(1908–1909)
Chapter 12 Politics in
a New Key (1909)
Chapter 13
Adrift (1909–1914)
Chapter 14 Democracy
Deferred (1914–1918)
introduction
Map
S.I.1
Chapter 1
On the
Threshold of a New Age (1860–1866)
Figure
S.1.1
Population Increase in
Saxony and Other German States, by Period, 1816-1875
Figure
S.1.2
Population
Growth in Selected Saxon Cities, 1815-1885
Figure
S.1.3
Population
Density in Saxony and Other German States, 1816-1910
Figure
S.1.4
Occupational
Profile of Saxony’s
Population, by Region, 1871
Map
S.1.1
Geographic Regions of
Saxony, 1910
Map
S.1.2
Administrative
Regions of Saxony, 1910
Map
S.1.3
Population Density in
Saxony, 1910
Map
S.1.4
Principal Industries
in Saxony, 1910
Map S.1.5
Map
S.1.6
Deutsches Reich. Verteilung der
Bevölkerung in Stadt und Land, 1900
Chapter 2
The
Possibilities of Liberal Reform (1866–1874)
Figure
S.2.1
Principal
Newspapers in Saxony, November 1866
Figure
S.2.2
Reichstag
Constituency Contests in Saxony, 12 February 1867
Figure
S.2.3
Reichstag
Constituency Contests in Saxony, 31 August 1867
Map
S.2.1
Reichstag
Elections in Saxony, February 1867
Map
S.2.2
Reichstag
Elections in Saxony, August 1867
Map
S.2.3
Reichstag Elections
in Saxony (legend), 1871–1918
Map
S.2.4
Reichstag
Constituencies in Saxony (overview 1), 1871–1918
Map
S.2.5
Reichstag
Constituencies in Saxony (overview 2), 1871–1918
Map
S.2.6
Landtag
Elections in Saxony (legend), 1869–1895/96
Map
S.2.7
Landtag
Constituencies in Saxony (rural), 1868–1909
Map
S.2.8
Landtag
Constituencies in Saxony (urban), 1868–1909
Map S.2.9
Landtag Elections in
Saxony, 1869
Chapter 3
ENEMIES OF
THE REICH (1870–1877)
Figure
S.3.1
Saxon
Reichstag Deputies Elected 10 January 1874
Figure
S.3.2
Reichstag
Constituency Contests in Saxony, 10 January 1877
Map S.3.1
Reichstag Elections in Saxony,
1871
Map S.3.2
Party Bastions in Saxon
Reichstag Elections, 1871
Map S.3.3
Reichstag Elections in Saxony,
1874
Map S.3.4
Party Bastions in Saxon
Reichstag Elections, 1874
Map S.3.5
Reichstag Elections in Saxony,
1877
Map S.3.6
Party Bastions in Saxon
Reichstag Elections, 1877
Map S.3.7
Landtag Elections
in Saxony, 1871, 1873, 1875
Map
S.3.8
Karte der Wahlen
zum Deutschen Reichstag am 10. Januar 1877
Chapter 4
The
Struggle Against Revolution (1878–1890)
Figure
S.4.1
Bans
and Appeals under the Anti-Socialist Law, 1878–1890
Figure
S.4.2
Expulsions
under the Lesser State of Siege, by District, 1878-1890
Figure
S.4.3
Expellees
under the Lesser State of Siege, Leipzig and the Reich, 1878-1890
Figure
S.4.4
Contested
Reichstag Elections, Saxony and the Reich, 1871-1918
Figure
S.4.5
Reichstag
Election in 5: Dresden–Old City, 1881
Map
S.4.1
Landtag Elections
in Saxony, 1877, 1879, 1881
Map S.4.2
Landtag Elections
in Saxony, 1883, 1885, 1887
Map S.4.3
Reichstag Elections in Saxony,
1878
Map S.4.4
Party Bastions in Saxon
Reichstag Elections, 1878
Map S.4.5
Reichstag Elections in Saxony,
1881
Map S.4.6
Party Bastions in Saxon
Reichstag Elections, 1881
Map S.4.7
Reichstag Elections in Saxony,
1884
Map S.4.8
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag
Elections, 1884
Map
S.4.9
Reichstagswahlen
vom 30ten Juli 1878
Map
S.4.10
Chapter 5
Against
Liberalism and the Jews (1871–1890)
Figure
S.5.1
Saxon
Landtag Deputies, Occupation and Party Affiliation, 1869–1918
Figure
S.5.2
Saxon
Landtag Deputies, Occupation and Party Affiliation, 1869, 1881, 1895
Map S.5.1
Reichstag Elections in Saxony,
1887
Map S.5.2
Party Bastions in Saxon
Reichstag Elections, 1887
Chapter 6
Authoritarianism
Under Siege (1890–1894)
Figure
S.6.1
Reichstag
Constituency Contests in Saxony, 15 June 1893
Map S.6.1
Reichstag Elections in Saxony,
1890
Map S.6.2
Party Bastions in Saxon
Reichstag Elections, 1890
Map S.6.3
Reichstag Elections in Saxony,
1893
Map S.6.4
Party Bastions in Saxon
Reichstag Elections, 1893
Map S.6.5
Landtag Elections
in Saxony, 1889, 1891, 1893
Map
S.6.6
Map
S.6.7
Chapter
7
Suffrage Reform as Coup d’État (1894–1902)
Figure
S.7.1
SPD
and Free Trade Union Membership in Leipzig, 1893–1898
Map S.7.1
Landtag Elections in
Saxony, 1895
Map S.7.2
Reichstag Elections in Saxony, 1898
Map S.7.3
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag Elections, 1898
Map
S.7.4
Chapter 8
“rED sAXONY!” (1903–1904)
Figure
S.8.1
Urban–Rural
Votes in 13: Leipzig–County, June 1903
Map S.8.1
Reichstag Elections in Saxony,
1903
Map S.8.2
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag Elections, 1903
Map
S.8.3
Gustav
Freytags Reichstags-Wahlkarte des Deutschen Reiches, 1903
Chapter 9
Deflecting
democracy (1900–1914)
Illustration
S.9.1
”About the Suffrage Riots” (Simplicissimus,
1908)
Chapter 10
CRISIS AND
RETRENCHMENT (1905–1908)
Map S.10.1
Reichstag Elections in Saxony, 1907
Map S.10.2
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag Elections, 1907
Map
S.10.3
Deutsches
Reich. Reichstagswahlen vom 25. Januar 1907
Map
S.10.4
Reichstagswahlen
Januar–Februar 1907
Map S.10.5
Die Reichstagswahlen
im Januar und Februar 1907
Chapter
11
DANCE (1908–1909)
Illustration
S.11.1
Suffrage Demonstration in Leipzig, 1
November 1908
Illustration
S.11.2
Suffrage Demonstrators in Leipzig, 1 November
1908
Figure S.11.1
Expected
Support for Social Democracy, by Number of Ballots Awarded, 1909
Map
S.11.1
Landtag Constituencies in Saxony, 1909
Map
S.11.2
Grasers
Karte von Sachsen ... Landtags- und Reichstagswahlkreise, c. 1911
Chapter
12
POLITICS IN A NEW KEY (1909)
Figure
S.12.1
Principal Social
Democratic Newspapers in Saxony, 1897–1917
Figure
S.12.2
SPD
Press, Agitation, and Election Costs in Saxony, 1907–1912
Figure
S.12.3
Profile
of Landtag Electors, by Occupation and Age, in 1: Zittau, 1909
Figure
S.12.4
Plural
Ballots Awarded by Category, 1: Zittau, 1909
Figure
S.12.5
Reliance
on Plural Ballots, by Party and Constituency Type, Saxony 1909
Figure
S.12.6
Landtag
Deputies Elected, by Constituency, Saxony 1909
Figure
S.12.7
Working-Class
Voters and Social Democratic Voters, Saxony 1909
Map
S.12.1
Saxon
Landtag Constituencies (rural), 1909
Map
S.12.2
Saxon
Landtag Constituencies (urban), 1909
Map
S.12.3
Landtag Elections
in Saxony (rural), 1909
Map
S.12.4
Landtag Elections
in Saxony (urban), 1909
Map
S.12.5
Landtag Elections in Saxony, 1909:
Dresden I-VII
Map
S.12.6
Landtag Elections in Saxony, 1909:
Leipzig I-VII
Map
S.12.7
Landtag Elections in Saxony, 1909:
Chemnitz I-IV
Chapter
13
ADRIFT (1909–1914)
Illustration S.13.1
“Gruesome Crime in Berlin” (Simplicissimus, 1910)
Illustration S.13.2
“On January 12th” (Simplicissimus,
1912)
Map S.13.1
Reichstag Elections in Saxony,
1912
Map S.13.2
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag Elections, 1912
Map
S.13.3
Die Vertretung der Wahlkreise bei Schluß
des Reichstags 1911
Map
S.13.4
Reichstagswahlkarte vom Januar 1912
Chapter 14
DEMOCRACY DEFERRED (1912–1918)
Illustration S.14.1
“Red Saxonia“ (Simplicissimus, 1909)
Appendix S.1
Saxon
Election Law of 5 May 1909: Translation (excerpt) (HTML)
Appendix
S.2
Saxon
Election Law of 5 May 1909: Localities in 91 Constituencies (PDF)
I am grateful to members of the FAS IIT group for
their assistance in setting up this website on a University of Toronto server.
I am personally responsible for all material on this site, including any errors
of fact or judgement. I am not responsible for material on third-party sites to
which links may send the reader. I welcome any feedback, especially concerning
errors in the material posted here. I am also grateful to Dr. Cherie Northon, of
Mapping Solutions, Anchorage, Alaska, for the preparation of custom maps, and
to Dr. Gavin Wiens, Toronto, for assistance in updating the files in March 2022
prior to moving the site to a new server. If
I have failed to reach any copyright holders for the illustrations and maps in
this Online Supplement, I encourage them to contact me by email. For updates see my homepage.
A special note of gratitude is owed to Professor
Simone Lässig, Professor of Modern and Contemporary History at the
University of Braunschweig and Director of the German Historical Institute,
Washington, DC; to the late Professor Wolfgang Schröder (Taucha/Leipzig); and
to Dr. Jana Moser, leader of the cartography group at the Leibnitz-Institut für
Länderkunde (Leipzig) and former director of the Arbeitsstelle „Historischer
Atlas von Sachsen“ in Dresden. They granted me permission to use
and reproduce selected individual maps from Karte D IV 2 and Karte D IV 3 (and
from their respective Beihefte), which are included in the Atlas zur Geschichte und Landeskunde von
Sachsen. These Beihefte are abbreviated in the notes to Red
Saxony as LRTW (for Simone Lässig, Reichstagswahlen im Königreich
Sachsen 1871-1912) and SLTW (for Wolfgang Schröder, Landtagswahlen
im Königreich Sachsen 1869 bis 1895/1896. Mit einem Exkurs zum Dreiklassen- und
Pluralwahlrecht 1896/97 bis 1909/1918). The team that produced this Atlas
was led by Professor Karlheinz Blaschke as head of a Wissenschaftliche
Gesamtleitung / Redaktionskommission, and was jointly supported by the Landesvermessungsamt
Sachsen, the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig
(Philologisch-historische Klasse), the Bundesministerium für Bildung und
Forschung, the Freistaat Sachsen (Sächsisches Staatsministerium für
Wissenschaft und Kunst), and many expert historians and cartographers at the
Technische Universität Dresden and other institutions. Without
their pioneering work, this study would be much the poorer.
This site is an Online Supplement to James Retallack, Red Saxony: Election Battles and the Spectre of Democracy in Germany, 1860-1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), ISBN 978-0-19-966878-6.
Copyright © 2017, 2022 James Retallack. Some
rights reserved. Except where otherwise noted, content on this Open Access site
is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits
non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original work is properly cited. The written permission of James Retallack must be obtained
for commercial re-use.
Department of History, University of Toronto, Sidney Smith Hall, 100 St.
George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3. Latest revision: 15 June
2022.